Mechanisms of Energy Transduction by Charge Translocating Membrane Proteins

Life relies on the constant exchange of different forms energy, i.e., energy transduction. Therefore, organisms have evolved in a way to be able harvest made available by external sources (such as light or chemical compounds) and convert these into biological useable forms, such transmembrane difference electrochemical potential (???). Membrane proteins contribute establishment ??? coupling exergonic catalytic reactions translocation charges (electrons/ions) across membrane. Irrespectively source consequent type reaction, all charge-translocating follow two molecular mechanisms: direct- indirect-coupling, depending whether translocated charge is involved driving reaction. In this review, we explore mechanisms thoroughly examining types membrane proteins. For each protein, analyze respective reaction thermodynamics, electron transfer/catalytic processes, pathways, ion/substrate stoichiometries.